Effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions on pain reduction among patients undergoing colonoscopy without anesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Attention distraction techniques may represent the most effective nonpharmacological strategies for pain reduction. However, the limited number of studies for some interventions may introduce potential risks of bias in the present analysis. Further research is needed to supplement the findings of our study to provide reliable evidence-based evidence for non-pharmacological analgesia during colonoscopy without anesthesia.