Pathological Effects on the Thyroid and Testes Induced by ProlongedConsumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks in Adolescent Wistar Rats

Introduction: Adolescents commonly consume caffeinated energy drinks to enhance their mental acuity and increase their physical performance. However, the systemic effects of these drinks, particularly following prolonged consumption, have been poorly delineated. This study investigated the impact of four months of Red Bull energy drink consumption on thyroid and testes functions, including hormonal and histopathological changes, in adolescent Wistar rats. Methods: Twelve male rats were divided into two groups (six per group): a control group that received water with a standard diet, and a treated group that received Red Bull energy drinks and the same standard diet for four consecutive months. All animals were euthanized after completion of the experimental protocol. Biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed to detect serum hormone levels and to examine histopathological alterations in the thyroid and testes. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in the body weight of rats treated with caffeinated energy drinks compared to controls. Prolonged consumption of energy drinks induced thyroid dysfunction as indicated by a significant decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone and significant increases in thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels. Moreover, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone showed significant reductions after four months of consumption. Several histopathological changes in the thyroid and testes were observed in the treated group. Discussion: These findings suggest that protracted consumption of caffeinated energy drinks induces thyroid and testes dysfunctions in adolescent rats. Conclusion: The adverse effects of consuming these drinks may be attributed to the high levels of specific constituents, such as caffeine and taurine.