Layered Social Network Dynamics in Community-Based Waste Management Initiatives: Evidence from Colombo, Sri Lanka

Rapid urban growth in many Global South cities strains waste systems and slows the shift to circular economy (CE) practice. Colombo, Sri Lanka, exemplifies this challenge, where overstretched state-led services coexist with neighborhood groups, NGOs, and informal collectors driving circular activities. This study adopts a layered social network diagnostic framework to examine how community-based waste management networks operate and how they might be reshaped to enable a city-wide CE. Using survey and interview data from 185 actors, information-sharing, collaboration, and resource-exchange networks are analyzed separately and in combination. The results reveal three principal findings: (i) Social-capital forms operate largely in parallel, with limited conversion between information, collaboration, and material exchange; (ii) the network exhibits “thin bridges and thick clusters,” in which a small number of NGO hubs mediate most cross-cluster connectivity; (iii) layers operate with mismatched coordination logics, producing gaps between awareness, collective action, and resource mobilization. As a result, ideas circulate widely but rarely translate into joint projects, local teams coordinate effectively yet remain isolated, and material flows depend on a narrow and fragile logistics spine. By diagnosing these structural misalignments, this study demonstrates a key novelty: scalable circular economy adoption depends not only on technology and policy but also on the design and alignment of underlying coordination networks.