Thiram Induced Hematological Disorders, Gills Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Alterations in Common Carp ( <scp> <i>Cyprinus carpio</i> </scp> )

Thiram is a dithiocarbamate fungicide that protects turf, fruits and ornamental plants. The purpose of this experiment was to ascertain the toxico-pathological effects of thiram induced toxicity in Cyprinus carpio. The fish were divided into four groups: Group A was kept as control, compared to groups B, C, and D exposed to 40, 80, and 120 μg/L thiram, respectively. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in body weight, while both the absolute and relative weights of gills increased significantly (p < 0.05) in fish exposed to a higher concentration of thiram. Hematological parameters showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in RBCs, Hb, HCT, LYM, MCV, MCHC, and platelet counts, while neutrophils and leukocytes were significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Oxidative stress parameters (TBARS and ROS) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while antioxidant enzymes (GSH, POD, CAT, and SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. Moreover, comet assay showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentile rate of DNA damage in gills tissues of treated fish exposed to 80 and 120 μg/L thiram compared to control fish. Moreover, results showed severe histopathological changes in the gills like aneurysm, degeneration of cartilaginous cores, disruption of primary lamellae, necrosis of lamellar pillars and atrophy of lamellae. Hence, thiram demonstrates severe detrimental effects on physical and hematological parameters, induces oxidative stress, affects anti-oxidant enzyme activity, causes DNA damage and leads to histopathological alterations in the gills tissues of the freshwater fish.