Integrative microRNA and transcriptome analysis reveals sex-specific molecular divergence in human bladder cancer

Our findings indicate that sex disparities in bladder cancer are largely driven by post-transcriptional regulation of autosomal genes, rather than sex chromosome dosage. By linking sex-biased microRNAs, target genes, and patient survival with cell type-specific expression, this study provides new insight into the biological basis of sex differences in bladder cancer. These results underscore the importance of incorporating sex as a critical variable in biomarker development, therapeutic targeting, and clinical trial design.