Climatic and Host-Related Drivers of Gastrointestinal Parasite Dynamics in Domestic Ruminants of North Bengal, India

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections pose a formidable global challenge to livestock production and continue to affect livestock health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and epidemiological determinants of GI parasites in 1406 cattle, goats, and sheep from three districts of North Bengal, India (Cooch Behar, Alipurduar, and Jalpaiguri). Parasitological data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods. Overall prevalence was 69.4%, with cattle showing the highest infection rate (71.62%), followed by sheep (69.30%) and goats (67.19%). Spatial variation was evident among districts, with Cooch Behar recording the highest prevalence (71.20%). Seasonal effects were assessed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMs), which indicated significantly higher infection probabilities during the monsoon (75.70%) and summer (72.95%) compared with winter (57.78%). The predominant parasite genera identified were <i>Eimeria</i> spp., <i>Strongyloides</i> spp., and <i>Fasciola</i> spp. Host-parasite associations were further explored using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), revealing distinct clustering patterns, with cattle associated mainly with <i>Eimeria</i> spp. and <i>Strongyloides</i> spp., goats with <i>Trichuris</i> spp. and <i>Nematodirus</i> spp., and sheep with <i>Fasciola</i> spp. and <i>Paramphistomum</i> spp. A species-specific heatmap was used to visualize parasite distribution across host species and seasons, highlighting higher infection intensities during the summer and monsoon periods. Overall, the results demonstrate that GI parasitic infections in North Bengal are influenced by host species and seasonal climatic factors, supporting the implementation of targeted, species- and season-adapted parasite management strategies.