In Vivo Evaluation of NF-κB and TGFβ-1 Modulation by Anadara granosa Shell-Derived Calcium Carbonate Bioceramic in Rat Model

Abstract This study aimed to assess the inflammatory and regenerative responses of rat mandibular incisor pulp tissue following direct pulp capping using calcium carbonate synthesized from Anadara granosa shells combined with bioceramic material, focusing on nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κB) and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β1) expression. Thirty-two rats were divided into four groups: a positive control group (100% bioceramic) and three experimental groups treated with 75%, 50%, and 25% calcium carbonate combined with bioceramic. Direct pulp capping was performed on mandibular incisors. Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to assess the expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1. Compared with the control group, groups with lower calcium carbonate content (25% and 50%) exhibited reduced NF-κB expression and increased TGF-β1 expression, indicating favorable modulation of the inflammatory and regenerative responses. Anadara granosa shell-derived calcium carbonate combined with bioceramic material demonstrated favorable inflammatory regulation and regenerative potential in rat mandibular incisors. These results support its application as a bioactive and sustainable alternative for additive pulp capping material.