The Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Properties of a Novel High-Temperature Bearing Steel

The microstructure, precipitation behavior, and mechanical properties of an ultrahigh-strength stainless bearing steel after tempering were investigated using multiscale characterization techniques along with tensile and impact testing. Based on the experimental results, strengthening and toughening mechanisms are discussed. The findings indicate that in samples tempered between 450 °C and 540 °C, tensile strength increases while impact toughness decreases. This is primarily attributed to the precipitation of M₆C and M₂C carbides and a reduction in dislocation density. In contrast, after tempering at 580 °C, the formation of increasing amounts of thick film-like reverted austenite along lath and twin boundaries results in a slight decline in tensile strength accompanied by improved elongation. The dominant strengthening mechanism for samples tempered between 450 °C and 500 °C is the synergistic effect of dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening. Above 520 °C, precipitation strengthening becomes the primary mechanism. However, the coarsening of acicular or lamellar M₂C carbides during precipitation appears to significantly degrade toughness.