Prompt Searches for Very-High-Energy ?-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highenergy (HE, E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: followup observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known gamma-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of follow-up observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between September 2017 (after the IceCube-170922A event) and January 2021. Our study found no associations between gamma-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux.

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Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)
Published
2025-12-18
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https://doi.org/10.13016/m2jpdh-5cv0
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Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
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article

Prompt Searches for Very-High-Energy ?-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

Zikang Chen, Janeth Giovanni Noreña Valverde, J. L. Schubert, S. DiKerby et al.
Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium)
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
article

Prompt Searches for Very-High-Energy ?-Ray Counterparts to IceCube Astrophysical Neutrino Alerts

Zikang Chen, Janeth Giovanni Noreña Valverde, J. L. Schubert, S. DiKerby, D. Hildebrand, D. Hrupec, Y. Becherini, H. Pandya, A. Kochocki, L. Gerhardt, J. Bö, X. Z. Shawn Xu, D. Strom, L. Draper, A. K. Talluri, G. T. Przybylski, D. Seckel, J. T. Bartkoske, A. López-Oramas, D. Kang, A. Berti, W. Rhode, J. J. DeLaunay, J. Carpio, P. Pichard, S. Athanasiadou, W. Ning, J. Y. Book Motzkin, A. Wierzcholska, J. Osborn, D. Soldin, M. Strzys, K. Leonard DeHolton, F. Giordano, A. Coleman, D. Paneque, K. Noda, A. Mas-Aguilar, S. Fukami, M. Kherlakian, A. Furniss, J. Djuvsland, T. Ehrhardt, N. Krieger, S. Funk, F. G. Saturni, C. Arcaro, J. Mitchell, L. Hennig, G. C. Hill, S. Steinmassl, F. Lauber, J. Braun, J. Gallagher, M. Artero, P. Behrens, A. Novikov, T. Kozynets, K. Hultqvist, A. Luashvili, J. J. Beatty, A. Haungs, S. Ventura, A. Delgado Giles, F. Dazzi, K. M. Groth, H. Kubo, P. Gutjahr, T. Van Eeden, S. Tilav, V. Neustroev, M. Neumann, C. C. Lin, K. Fang, J. Bolmont, N. Feigl, M. Seikh, R. Naab, K. Asano, J. Becker Tjus, B. Brinson, M. O. Moghadam, R. Marx, K. Terauchi, D. Hadasch, A. Rehman, A. Dmytriiev, K. Kosack, K. Rawlins, J. A. Hinton, N. Kurahashi, A. Hallgren, R. Babu, V. Poojyam, S. -N. Zhang, J. Schäfer, N. van Eijndhoven, Y. Q. Chen, E. J. Roberts, B. Cornejo, C. Raab, P. Sampathkumar, S. Loporchio, D. Sobczynska, A. Granados, S. Mangano, H. A. Mondal, K. Ragan, D. Elsä, E. Lyard, H. Kimku, M. Panter, M. Mallamaci, A. Abhishek, E. Prandini, A. Zander Jurowitzki, E. Genton, Y. Ashida, F. Halzen, S. Eulig, J. Stachurska, E. Kasai, N. Schmeisser, L. Saha, M. A. DuVernois, A. Connolly, F. Longo, F. D'Ammando, S. K. Agarwalla, M. Holler, A. Mand, A. C. Sadun, B. Heß, R. Batzofin, H. Bökenkamp, R. Hewett, D. Ryckbosch, K. Egg, S. Ter-Antonyan, M. Santander, P. Weigel, B. Riedel, L. Molchany, T. Kontrimas, H. Niederhausen, S. Mancina, M. Regeard, A. Obertacke, A. Hidvegi, J. Thwaites, J. Rack-Helleis, M. Venugopal, J. F. Glicenstein, L. Neste, N. Shimizu, K. Andeen, G. Pühlhofer, D. Dorner, V. Basu, M. Filipovic, K. Hoshina, S. R. Klein, S. Ansoldi, J. Adams, K. Farrag, J. de Assis Scarpin, Y. Chai, M. Ravn, M. Mayer, W. G. Thompson, K. Upshaw, E. Visentin, A. Fedynitch, M. J. Lang, J. Beise, A. Zech, S. Jain, E. Moulin, T. Kayanoki, R. Orsoe, C. Lagunas Gualda, S. Toscano, J. G. Green, A. Olivas, D. Tak, P. Bangale, M. Peresano, S. Panny, T. Stü, D. Berge, H. Schieler, P. K. H. Yeung, L. Schlickmann, M. Vorbrugg, B. Schleicher, J. Necker, A. Mehta, S. Hori, M. Backes, N. Whitehorn, K. D. Hoffman, T. DeYoung, A. Hahn, M. Lundy, F. Pfeifle, A. Fattorini, R. Abbasi, L. Fariña, Q. X. Feng, J. Besenrieder, T. Tanaka, A. Karle, J. Liao, J. L. Christiansen, C. Kopper, C. Boisson, D. Z. Besson, G. Verna, S. Kankkunen, J. Saffer, E. Manao, P. G. Prada Moroni, L. Heuermann, J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva, I. Reistroffer, A. Eimer, G. Martí-Devesa, J. C. Dí, P. Kaaret, A. Franckowiak, M. J. Larson, A. Rifaie, L. Mohrmann, R. G. Lang, D. Grant, J. M. Paredes, M. Jamrozy, T. Bretz, F. Wersig, C. Bakshi, P. Goswami, D. F. Cowen, A. Brown, J. Soedingrekso, I. C. Mari?, W. Klu?, B. A. Clark, A. Dinesh, M. Errando, P. Eller, P. Majumdar, X. Bai, V. Parrish, C. Wendt, L. Bloom, A. Donini, S. Gasparyan, C. Venter, M. N. Johnson, J. Kiryluk, D. Durnford, J. van Scherpenberg, L. Heckmann, L. Pyras, E. Roache, E. de Ona Wilhelmi, M. Ackermann, M. Vereecken, C. Hill, C. Bigongiari, M. Handt, A. Vaidyanathan, T. Glü, A. Rosted, A. Khatee Zathul, G. H. Sembroski, Y. Morii, L. Schumacher, B. Skrzypek, G. Sommani, M. Kowalski, G. D'Amico, I. Bodo, K. Meagher, C. Boscolo Meneguolo, L. Kö, S. L. Wong, B. Rudak, G. Maier, D. Cerasole, Y. Popovych, U. Barres de Almeida, K. Carloni, S. Nozaki, J. Sitarek, M. Doro, S. J. Wagner, J. P. Yanez, L. Ricca, J. Baines-Holmes, A. Noell, M. López-Moya, A. Campoy-Ordaz, E. O'Sullivan, M. Scarnera, A. Kiran Kumar, F. Varsi, Y. Suda, D. Berley, F. Schmuckermaier, M. Wolf, S. K. Choi, S. Chattopadhyay, J. V. 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Rico, M. Karl, J. Holder, L. Ruohan, M. Nievas Rosillo, T. Aniello, K. D. de Vries, F. Yu, S. Ubach, R. Moderski, J. Krishnamoorthi, C. Gu, Ž, M. Nakos, J. Bernete, J. P. Lazar, R. W. Moore, A. Domi, L. Kardum, B. Bruno, D. Miceli, ?, T. Schmidt, L. Di Venere, A. Acharyya, Sa A. Wang, J. Damascene Mbarubucyeye, M. J. Millard, C. H. Wiebusch, O. Blanch, J. Otero-Santos, M. Senniappan, A. Archer, P. Moriarty, D. Butterfield, H. Salzmann, Y. Kobayashi, T. Nakamori, S. Reusch, A. Djannati-Ataï, T. Delmeulle, C. Rott, Z. Hughes, M. Khanal, K. Hanson, K. Hymon, J. Quinn, O. Reimer, R. Engel, E. Yildizci, D. Mazin, A. Cifuentes, T. C. Petersen, K. Feijen, S. J. Gray, C. Steppa, A. A. Harnisch, J. A. Aguilar, S. Griffin, E. Lindfors, R. Shah, J. Jiménez Quiles, R. D. Parsons, T. Stezelberger, I. Jung-Richardt, M. Chernyakova, H. Ren, C. Walck, C. Delgado Mendez, J. Vara, J. Madsen, A. Medina, I. Burelli, S. Covino, S. Verpoest, J. Hä, P. L. Rabinowitz, A. Stamerra, F. McNally, S. Marka, S. 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Fröse, A. Vijai, M. Molero González, I. Viale, M. Weyrauch, E. Krupczak, A. Tutone, J. Savelberg, A. K. Upadhyay, D. Hooper, M. Meier, Y. L. Liu, J. Chibueze, S. W. Barwick, D. Kostunin, S. Bash, T. Krishnan, Nu Komin, S. Menchiari, A. Sciaccaluga, G. Rowell, M. Lemoine-Goumard, S. Schindler, K. Mannheim, V. Palusova, R. Mirzoyan, R. Takeishi, K. Helbing, C. Nigro, P. Zhelnin, F. Brun, G. H. Collin, R. Shang, G. Sanger-Johnson, M. Plum, V. Marandon, F. Podobnik, L. Halve, N. Heyer, B. Henke, Y. Fukazawa, A. Y. Wen, M. Jeong, B. Schlü, M. Cerruti, H. Erpenbeck, L. Merten, I. Jiménez Martínez, A. Aguasca-Cabot, V. Sahakian, S. Casanova, J. Escudero, N. Park, J.-P. Lenain, S. Hasan, S. Vergara Carrasco, T. K. Kleiner, W. Iwakiri, E. Ellinger, T. Takahashi, T. Yamamoto, A. Trettin, K. Dutta, S. Sarkar, A. Katil, A. J. Chromey, A. Biland, K. Tollefson, I. Martinez-Soler, J. V. Tucci, N. Giglietto, G. Cozzolongo, M. Jin, J. Peterson, C. De Clercq, M. Lamoureux, E. Magnus, M. Macdonald, J. 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article en

Abstract

The search for sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos can be significantly advanced through a multi-messenger approach, which seeks to detect the gamma rays that accompany neutrinos as they are produced at their sources. Multi-messenger observations have so far provided the first evidence for a neutrino source, illustrated by the joint detection of the flaring blazar TXS 0506+056 in highenergy (HE, E > 1 GeV) and very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma rays in coincidence with the high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A, identified by IceCube. Imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), namely FACT, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS, continue to conduct extensive neutrino target-of-opportunity follow-up programs. These programs have two components: followup observations of single astrophysical neutrino candidate events (such as IceCube-170922A), and observation of known gamma-ray sources after the identification of a cluster of neutrino events by IceCube. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of follow-up observations of high-energy neutrino events observed by the four IACTs between September 2017 (after the IceCube-170922A event) and January 2021. Our study found no associations between gamma-ray sources and the observed neutrino events. We provide a detailed overview of each neutrino event and its potential counterparts. Furthermore, a joint analysis of all IACT data is included, yielding combined upper limits on the VHE gamma-ray flux.

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