Postpartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is a true obstetric emergency that can progress rapidly from manageable bleeding to life-threatening shock if not promptly recognized and treated. PPH is most commonly caused by uterine atony but may also result from trauma, retained placental tissue, or coagulation disorders. This article provides a comprehensive review of postpartum hemorrhage, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and evidence-based management strategies. Emphasis is placed on early recognition, prevention, and multidisciplinary management to reduce maternal mortality.