Dose-Dependent Responses of Weaned Piglets to Multi-Species Solid-State Fermented Apple Pomace: Enhanced Growth Performance, Intestinal Health, and Gut Microbiota Modulation

Multi-species SSF successively enhanced the nutritional profile of apple pomace. Inclusion at 8% showed the most favorable response in terms of growth performance, metabolic profile, and immune-antioxidant status in weaned piglets, mediated through improved intestinal morphology and targeted modulation of the gut microbiota toward a more diverse and beneficial ecosystem. These findings support the high-value, functional utilization of apple pomace as a feed additive in swine nutrition.