Exploring the nano revolution: trends and risks in soil nanotechnology

Technical advances have improved scientists' ability to think critically and turn theoretical ideas into actual research. Nanotechnology's potential allows it to spread in modern agriculture. Agricultural nanotechnology may improve food supply, security, sustainability and climate change. Nanoparticles' effects on the soil-plant system reveal their soil ecological hazards. Nano-enzymes promote the balance of ROS by acting as strong antioxidants, thereby enhancing the stress tolerance of plants. They activate antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, and POD, stabilize cellular membranes, and protect photosynthetic machinery. Nanomaterials influence soil pollutants' fate, mobility and toxicity in remediation methods. Nanomaterials' performance and fate rely on soil interactions. Despite many potential benefits, its field applications are restricted. Current research lacks practical ways to assess risk and nanoparticle toxicity to plants, soil and soil microbiomes after release. Environmental safety and risk evaluation need understanding of the manufactured nanoparticle-soil interactions. Nanotechnologies in ecosystems raise health risks. Given the circumstances, nanoparticles in soil must be evaluated and security measures be taken.