Quarterly Review of Distance Education

In this paper, the authors examine the complex relationship between class size and the design of online courses in higher education. Drawing on recent research, industry reports, and U.S. government regulations, it explores how optimal class sizes vary based on course objectives, student engagement needs, and instructional approaches. The analysis reveals that effective online class sizes generally range from 12 to 30 students but can differ significantly depending on course design, subject matter, and program type. Recommendations include that institutions must balance pedagogical best practices and regulatory requirements when determining online class sizes, emphasizing the need for flexible, context-specific approaches that align with broader institutional strategies for online learning while considering faculty workload and the time to adjust course design to accommodate changing class sizes.