Research Advances in the Freeze–Thaw Resistance of Cement-Stabilized Soils

Cement-stabilized soil is a widely utilized material in infrastructure construction. However, prolonged exposure to freeze–thaw cycles induces surface spalling, cracking, and strength degradation, ultimately compromising the safety and service life of infrastructure. This paper systematically reviews the impacts of freeze–thaw cycles on the physical and mechanical properties of cement-stabilized soils, encompassing stress–strain behavior, unconfined compressive strength, mass loss ratio, hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, elastic modulus, modulus of deformation and resilience, and volume change ratio. It further elucidates the mechanisms through which material composition, freezing/thawing temperatures and durations, specimen moisture content, natural soil grain gradation, and testing methodologies influence these properties. The investigation extends to the mechanisms of freeze–thaw damage and the evolution of associated theoretical frameworks. A comprehensive analysis is presented regarding international freeze–thaw testing standards established by various nations, accompanied by critical evaluations of conventional performance indicators and their inherent limitations. Context-specific metrics are recommended for various environmental conditions. The study synthesizes principal enhancement strategies for improving freeze–thaw resistance, evaluating their performance, construction feasibility, and cost-effectiveness. Future research priorities are identified to advance this field. By providing theoretical foundations and technical guidelines, this work aims to optimize the freeze–thaw resistance of cement-stabilized soils and promote their application in cold-region infrastructure development. These findings offer novel perspectives and methodologies for enhancing the freeze–thaw resistance of cement-stabilized soils and their sustainable utilization in frigid environments.