Real-World Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib, Tofacitinib, and Filgotinib in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, including upadacitinib, tofacitinib, and filgotinib, represent an emerging class of effective oral therapies for the treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC). We report a real-world retrospective study evaluating the comparative efficacy and safety of these three JAK inhibitors in 52 patients ranging from mild to severe UC. Significant improvements in inflammatory biomarkers were observed across all treatment groups, with biochemical response (reduction in faecal calprotectin (FCP)) achieved in 21/22 upadacitinib-treated patients, 22/24 tofacitinib-treated patients, and 5/6 filgotinib-treated patients. High-grade biochemical response (≥75% FCP reduction or normalization) was most frequently observed with upadacitinib (86.4%; N=19), followed by tofacitinib (62.5%; N=15) and filgotinib (50%; N=3). Endoscopic reassessment was available in a subset of patients, and the majority showed improvement or resolution of endoscopic inflammation, particularly in the upadacitinib and tofacitinib groups. The safety profile was consistent with recognized JAK inhibitor side effects, with hyperlipidemia being the most common adverse event and intermittent cytopenias noted in some patients; no serious opportunistic infections or thromboembolic events were recorded. These findings suggest that all three JAK inhibitors are effective therapeutic options in real-world practice, with upadacitinib demonstrating the strongest overall biochemical response among this treatment-experienced UC cohort. Larger prospective studies are warranted to confirm the long-term efficacy of these agents.