Molecular pathways in vascular cognitive impairment and dementia: focus on synaptic plasticity and epigenetic modifications

VCI is caused by the complex interaction of vascular dysfunction, synaptic dysregulation, and epigenetic modification. Identification of these convergent mechanisms may pave the way for new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Future studies on neuroimaging, molecular profiling, and epigenetic modifications could facilitate the early detection and precision-based treatment of VCI and VaD.