Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Graphene Oxide and Silver Nanoparticle-Enhanced Silicone Fouling Release and Biocidal Coatings for Marine Antifouling

This study explores the enhancement of silicone-based fouling release coatings through the incorporation of graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles. Laboratory tests demonstrated significantly improved microfouling resistance with increasing nanoparticle concentrations while maintaining surface energies within the optimal range for fouling release. During a 7 month marine field immersion trial, only the silver nanoparticle-containing composite coating exhibited improved antifouling efficacy over time, while the performance of the graphene oxide-containing composite coating was comparable to the simplified nonbiocidal fouling release coating. Both composite coatings showed a slightly earlier onset of macrofouling. Microscopy revealed notable nanoparticle agglomeration and localized algal attachment, emphasizing the need for improved dispersion and surface integration. Though the addition of nanoparticles for boosting antifouling efficacy with both biocidal and fouling release strategies showed only marginal improvements, clear evidence of enhanced performance is seen. Advancing this technology demands targeted control over nanoparticle distribution and leaching, which are key challenges that must be addressed to unlock the full potential of next-generation, sustainable antifouling coatings.