Seed sources and distribution systems of rice varieties in Ethiopia: A case study from Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz regions

Abstract Background and objectives : Seed is a critical element for both technology delivery and productivity increment of crop production. Over time, the production and productivity of rice in Ethiopia have steadily increased, attributed to the development and release of new improved varieties, thus expanding cultivation to potential areas and augmenting overall output. However, access to quality rice seeds has been hindered by various factors, including, unreliable seed sources, ineffective delivery systems, weak linkage among rice seed value chain actors, and other associated challenges. Thus, this study aimed to: (i) identify major seed sources for popular rice varieties, (ii) identify distribution systems and main stakeholders involved, and (iii) assess the main issues faced by smallholder farmers in utilizing quality seeds of improved rice varieties. Methodology : Both primary and secondary data were employed to address the study objectives. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and interviews conducted with 191 households sampled from major rice-producing areas in the Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz regions. A multistage sampling technique was used and included a total of 5 zones, 9 districts, and 16 kebeles, while households selected randomly. Additionally, focused group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted to further qualify and elucidate root causes. Results and conclusion : The study identified Shaga and X-Jigna as the major lowland rice cultivars, while Pawe-1 remains the dominantly cultivated upland rice variety. The primary source of seed (68%) for farmers was found to be own-saved seed, supplemented by farmer-to-farmer seed exchange through social networks, local markets, and community seed cooperatives. Critical challenges in rice seed system and distribution included availability of quality seed, timing of seed delivery, insufficient supply quantities, and the availability of preferred varieties. To enhance rice production and productivity, both in terms of quality and quantity, strengthening the formal seed supply system through greater collaboration among the private sector, public seed enterprises, community-based seed producers, and seed producer cooperatives is recommended.