Wolfram Syndrome: A Series of 4 Cases

Abstract Wolfram Syndrome (WS), also known as DIDMOAD (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness), is a rare neurodegenerative disorder [1, 2]. This condition features symptoms that typically appear progressively from childhood through adulthood [3, 4, 5]. Diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria and confirmed by genetic testing for mutations in the WFS1 gene [6, 7]. Insulin therapy remains the mainstay treatment for diabetes mellitus, but incretin analogs may provide benefit if initiated early [8, 9]. Prognosis is generally poor, with a mean life expectancy of 39 years, often due to central respiratory complications [3, 10]. Gene therapyiscurrentlyexperimental but promising [11].