Implications of notoginsenoside R1 in osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling via nitric oxide modulation

This study provides the first comprehensive evidence that NGR1 acts as a multi-target regulator of osteoclastogenesis through NO-dependent mechanisms. By integrating the suppression of NO levels with predicted modulation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and signal transduction pathways, NGR1 suppresses osteoclast differentiation and function. These findings advance the molecular understanding of Panax notoginseng in bone health and support NGR1 as a promising therapeutic candidate for pathological bone loss, warranting further in vivo and translational investigation.