Monitoring the displacement of large alpine rock slope instabilities with L-band SAR interferometric techniques

Large rock slope instabilities develop over long periods and creep slowly over hundreds or thousands of years, until they undergo a 'slow to fast' evolution towards catastrophic collapse. Capturing this transition is key to manage related risks, especially considering ongoing climate change scenarios and human activities, that are expected to strongly influence geohazards. However, this is a challenging task due to the complexity of the underlying processes. Long-term, area-wide monitoring of slope movements is essential to understand landslide dynamics and evolution. Despite being widely used for landslide investigations, C-band SAR interferometry datasets suffer from decorrelation in vegetated areas and fast movements, limiting displacement retrieval in alpine regions. Emerging L-band systems, with reduced temporal decorrelation, can complement higher-frequency data by enabling measurements also in vegetated areas and capturing larger displacements. This work aims at analysing the potential benefits and limitations of L-band SAR interferometry applied to alpine landslide monitoring and at understanding if these data can help in mitigating current shortcomings of C-band SAR interferometry. We explore three different scenarios of large alpine slope instabilities in the European Alps, that threaten important economic and societal assets. We perform site-specific analysis, validation and interpretation of L-band SAR interferometry products derived from ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 and SAOCOM-1 satellite imagery, as well as of terrestrial data acquired by the GAMMA L-band SAR (GLSAR) instrument. Our results highlight the contributions of L-band InSAR products to the practical characterisation and interpretation of large rock slope instabilities and provide important recommendations for the recently launched L-band satellite SAR missions ALOS-4 PALSAR-3 and NISAR, as well as for the future L-band satellite SAR mission ROSE-L.