Cardiac Safety of Conducted Energy Devices: Electrophysiological mechanisms, risk assessment, and forensic interpretation

Current evidence indicates that in all but extreme probe geometries or paediatric exposures, CED are at minimal risk of inducing malignant arrhythmias. Forensic assessment of CED-related deaths should consider electrophysiological principles with probe placement, the timing of the collapse, and toxicological findings in order to distinguish coincidental from causally related events.