District-level joint risk assessment of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 at the human–animal–environment interface in live bird markets of Bogor, Indonesia

This district-level JRA identified LBMs as persistent but manageable risk nodes for HPAI H5N1 transmission in Bogor. While the current risk to human health was assessed as low, structural and behavioral vulnerabilities justify proactive mitigation. Priority actions include strengthening LBM biosecurity, improving waste management, enhancing environmental surveillance, and reinforcing integrated One Health coordination. The study demonstrates the feasibility and policy relevance of locally implemented JRAs and provides an operational model for decentralized zoonotic risk assessment in endemic settings.