Conductive Response Imaging in Thigh Muscle Compartments by Electrical Impedance Tomography for Efficient Bicycle Training Strategy

The conductive response in thigh muscle compartments has been imaged by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) under bicycle-operation conditions and muscle-stimulation conditions to determine an efficient training strategy. EIT is already applied to evaluate the effectiveness of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on human muscle, and hybrid of EMS which combines EMS on biceps and voluntary resistance training simultaneously. In this study, we newly applied EIT to the thigh muscle compartments and imaged the conductive response under bicycle-operation conditions and muscle-stimulation conditions. The bicycle-operation conditions are high pedal rate in low torque (HPLT) and low pedal rate in high torque (LPHT). The muscle-stimulation conditions are bicycle condition and EMS-combined bicycle condition. As a result, EIT successfully imaged the conductive response in three muscle compartments which are T1 compartment (quadriceps), T2 compartment (hamstrings), and T3 compartment (other than the quadriceps and hamstrings). The spatial-mean conductivity changes <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> (the power of bicycle training <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>103</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>152</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mn>194</mml:mn> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) increased with increasing power <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of the bicycle training across all four conditions and in all muscle compartments ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.531</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of HPLT tended to be larger than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of LPHT ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>35.52</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of EMS-combined bicycle condition tended to be larger than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of bicycle condition ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>12.85</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The key findings are that HPLT and EMS-combined bicycle condition are a more efficient bicycle training than LPHT and bicycle condition for increasing <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

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Publication Details

Journal
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
Published
2026-01-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-03988-z
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
21.93

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article

Conductive Response Imaging in Thigh Muscle Compartments by Electrical Impedance Tomography for Efficient Bicycle Training Strategy

Masahiro TAKEI, Kiagus Aufa Ibrahim, Daichi FURUKAWA, Tomoyuki Shirai
1 citations
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
21.93
article

Conductive Response Imaging in Thigh Muscle Compartments by Electrical Impedance Tomography for Efficient Bicycle Training Strategy

Masahiro TAKEI, Kiagus Aufa Ibrahim, Daichi FURUKAWA, Tomoyuki Shirai
article en
1 citations

Abstract

The conductive response in thigh muscle compartments has been imaged by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) under bicycle-operation conditions and muscle-stimulation conditions to determine an efficient training strategy. EIT is already applied to evaluate the effectiveness of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on human muscle, and hybrid of EMS which combines EMS on biceps and voluntary resistance training simultaneously. In this study, we newly applied EIT to the thigh muscle compartments and imaged the conductive response under bicycle-operation conditions and muscle-stimulation conditions. The bicycle-operation conditions are high pedal rate in low torque (HPLT) and low pedal rate in high torque (LPHT). The muscle-stimulation conditions are bicycle condition and EMS-combined bicycle condition. As a result, EIT successfully imaged the conductive response in three muscle compartments which are T1 compartment (quadriceps), T2 compartment (hamstrings), and T3 compartment (other than the quadriceps and hamstrings). The spatial-mean conductivity changes <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> (the power of bicycle training <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>103</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>152</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>o</mml:mi> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mn>194</mml:mn> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) increased with increasing power <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of the bicycle training across all four conditions and in all muscle compartments ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.531</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of HPLT tended to be larger than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of LPHT ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>35.52</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of EMS-combined bicycle condition tended to be larger than <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> of bicycle condition ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>β</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>12.85</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). The key findings are that HPLT and EMS-combined bicycle condition are a more efficient bicycle training than LPHT and bicycle condition for increasing <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⟨</mml:mo> <mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>⟩</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:math> .

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
NGK Spark Plug (Japan) (JP), Chiba University (JP)
Chiba University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Openalex Percentile: Top 2%
Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
21.93
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