Laser fluence-dependent LIPSS formed on the surface of niobium alloys

Laser fluence-dependent laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on niobium alloys was analysed. Additionally, we explored the shift from LIPSS to self-organized, periodic microstructures resembling cones. The findings shed light on how surface structures in niobium evolve depending on laser fluence. Significantly influence of laser fluence to the gradual transition of low-spatial frequency LIPSS to highfrequency spatial LIPSS was demonstrated. Highly organized LIPSS on the surface of targets was obtained at the higher accumulated fluence of laser pulses.