Liver enzyme alterations in hepatic diseases: Clinical insights into ALT, AST, and ALP Variations

Liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, and ALP are critical biomarkers used to assess liver function, diagnose, and treat hepatic diseases. These enzymes reflect hepatocyte integrity and can indicate the incidence and severity of liver conditions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP across various liver diseases, including Hepatitis B, alcoholic hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), obstructive jaundice, and Hepatitis C (HCV). The study also assessed gender differences in liver enzyme levels and investigated changes in serum TNFα protein levels in Hepatitis B patients via western blot. Methods: Serum enzyme levels were measured in blood samples from patients grouped by acute and chronic Hepatitis B, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Obstructive Jaundice, Autoimmune hepatitis, and hepatitis C virus patient. A control group of healthy individuals was included for statistical comparison. Western blot analysis was performed to observe the TNFα protein levels in Hepatitis B patients. Results: Results showed no significant difference in baseline ALT, AST, and ALP levels between healthy men and women. However, a significant increase in TNFα protein was observed in both male and female Hepatitis B patients compared to controls. Significant differences in ALT, AST, and ALP levels were found between acute and chronic Hepatitis B patients (p<0.001). Both male and female patients exhibited significant differences (p<0.001) in these enzyme levels when compared to the controls across the various liver pathologies. Conclusion: This investigation provides insight into the specific alterations in ALT, AST, and ALP levels across different liver diseases, offering potential diagnostic and monitoring markers for clinical practice.