Cortical excitability and brain function in patients with insomnia: a pilot transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Patients with CID demonstrated lower cortical excitability, decreased brain activity, and reduced task-related functional connectivity relative to the SID group. This finding indicates distinct neurological profiles between short-term and chronic insomnia, a distinction that will be critical for tailoring effective neuromodulatory interventions.