Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A Promising Strategy for Cancer Treatment

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that promote immune evasion and resistance to therapy. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding MDSC biology, including novel signaling pathways, metabolic reprogramming, and microbiota interactions. We systematically analyze how conventional therapies—radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy—exert dual effects on MDSCs. Furthermore, this article highlights the emerging role of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), both single compounds and herbal formulations, in modulating MDSCs through multi-target mechanisms. By integrating preclinical and clinical evidence, we provide a rationale for developing MDSC-targeted combination strategies to enhance anti-tumor immunity and overcome therapeutic resistance.