Neurotoxic effects of 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF exposure on cultured DRG neurons: a mechanistic insight into oxidative and apoptotic pathways

Under non-thermal conditions, 3.5 GHz RF-EMF perturbs redox balance and triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in DRG neurons, highlighting peripheral neuronal vulnerability to mid-band exposures. These findings provide a mechanistic link between RF exposure and oxidative/apoptotic pathways and warrant in vivo studies assessing long-term and interventional outcomes.