Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver-based Formulations against Fusobacterium nucleatum: A Mini-scoping Review

<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> is a critical periodontal pathogen implicated in biofilm maturation and inflammation in periodontitis. With growing concerns over antibiotic resistance, silver-based antimicrobial agents are emerging as promising alternatives. This minireview aims to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of various silver formulations, including silver nitrate (AgNO₃), silver diamine fluoride, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and glutathione-stabilized AgNPs (GSH-silver), specifically against <i>F. nucleatum</i>. A systematic literature search (1990-2024) across PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar identified five <i>in vitro</i> studies. Key outcome measures included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory responses. All formulations demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy, with 5 nm AgNPs showing the most potent effect (MIC = 25 µg/mL). Silver(I) carbohydrate complexes and GSH-silver showed enhanced efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity. However, elevated proinflammatory cytokine release was noted with some formulations. Silver-based formulations exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against <i>F. nucleatum</i>, but their inflammatory potential and cytotoxicity warrant further investigation. Future <i>in vivo</i> studies are needed to optimize dosing, assess tissue interactions, and validate the clinical safety of these silver-based formulations.