Association between the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and peripheral artery disease in vascular surgery inpatients aged 50 and above: a retrospective cross-sectional study

The NHHR was associated with the presence of PAD, with the evidence suggesting a nonlinear relationship and potential sex-specific differences. Given the retrospective cross-sectional design, this association does not support causal inference or strong predictive claims. The NHHR may help identify individuals who could benefit from further clinical evaluation for PAD, but prospective studies are needed to confirm its clinical relevance before its routine application.