Historical evolution of confined masonry construction: A comprehensive review

This review presents a comprehensive analysis of confined masonry (CM), tracing its evolution from traditional unreinforced masonry (URM), which exhibits pronounced seismic vulnerability, to contemporary seismic-resistant systems. The integration of reinforced concrete (RC) tie elements (beams and columns) within masonry walls enhances ductility, mitigates brittle failure, and improves overall structural performance. CM has been extensively adopted in seismic-prone regions, including Latin America, South Asia, and the Mediterranean, due to its cost-effectiveness, adaptability, and suitability for low- to middle-income contexts. The review critically examines key advancements in CM design and material science, including optimized reinforcement detailing, the development of seismic codes, and the incorporation of local construction practices to maximize resilience. It highlights the progressive transition from simple RC beam-and-column frames to fully confined wall systems with tie beams and columns, reflecting both engineering innovation and practical applicability. CM’s relevance in modern architecture is emphasized, particularly in areas with limited access to high-cost construction technologies, alongside its proven capacity to withstand evolving seismic hazards. Technical Highlight: RC confinement in CM enables scalable, code-compliant, and cost-efficient seismic-resistant construction, combining enhanced structural reliability with adaptability across diverse regional and socio-economic settings.