Expanding the frontiers of nanobiochar and biochar nanocomposites as versatile biomaterials for sustainable development

Abstract Mounting global crisis including environmental degradation, resource depletion, and health threats, necessitates the exploration of various transformative, novel, and multifunctional materials with practical applications. Nanobiochar, a nanoscale biochar produced through pyrolysis and post-pyrolysis modifications, has emerged as a versatile and sustainable carbon-based nanomaterial with numerous applications. Biochar nanocomposites, engineered hybrid materials developed from biochar and nanomaterials, have further amplified the applications of biochar. Although the environmental applications of nanobiochar and biochar nanocomposites have been extensively studied, their potential applications in other critical sectors are less explored and not well understood. This review explores the potential applications of nanobiochar and biochar nanocomposites in the medical, energy, construction, polymer, and agriculture sectors. The unique properties of nanobiochar and biochar nanocomposites make them a promising candidate for healthcare applications, aligned with the One Health approach. In times of resource depletion and climate change, such composite materials show promise as a valuable resource for alternative energy storage solutions, sustainable construction, and climate-smart agriculture. However, further research is needed on the biocompatibility and extended ecotoxicity of these hybrid materials. The integration of nanobiochar and biochar nanocomposites in various domains and broadening their scope of application into underexplored sectors will address knowledge gaps and expand the use of emerging technologies for a sustainable and low-carbon future. This review underscores the need for more interdisciplinary research to fully leverage the potential of these composite resources and facilitate the transition to a more resilient and resource-efficient future. Graphical Abstract