Room-temperature, 96×96 pixel 3D-stacked InGaAs/InP SPAD sensor with complementary gating for flash LiDAR
A room-temperature 3D-stacked flash LiDAR sensor is presented for the short-wave infrared (SWIR). The 96×96 InGaAs-InP SPAD array in the top tier is biased by a circuit at the bottom tier that implements a complementary cascoded gating at the pixel level to control noise and afterpulsing. The bottom-tier chip is fabricated in a 110-nm CMOS technology. The sensor is tested with a 1550nm laser operating at 100<i>μ</i>W to 3.1mW average power. The SPADs are gated with 3ns pulses with 500ps skew. Intensity images and depth maps are shown both indoors and outdoors at 10m in 120 klux background light with telemetry up to 100m, having better than 2% accuracy.
Authors
- Christoph Stölmacker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4583-4423)
- Halil Kerim Yildirim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7398-8871)
- Utku Karaca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8753-3122)
- Edoardo Charbon
- Ekin Kizilkan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5183-4764)
- Patrick Runge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7158-6385)
- Pascal Rustige (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-0063)
- Claudio Bruschini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-6596)
- Pouyan Keshavarzian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5304-8401)
- Baris Efe
Institutions
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Optics Express
- Published
- 2026-01-21
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.585267
- Primary Topic
- Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00