A discrete Planck network model for emergent gravity & cosmic expansion.

Modern cosmology relies on ad hoc components such as dark matter and dark energy to explain observations, yet persistent tensions remain, including overmassive galaxies at high redshifts observed by JWST and irregularities in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). These challenges suggest the need for alternative frameworks that reduce reliance on extra entities.We propose a discrete network at the Planck scale as the underlying structure from which spacetime and physical laws emerge. The model is minimalist: one scale parameter L_Ω captures compression dynamics, eliminating the need for separate dark components.