Consideration of cultural ecosystem service indicators in determining spatial zoning in urban spatial plans

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refer to the intangible advantages that individuals derive from ecosystems, which play a crucial role in enhancing both human well-being and the sustainability of urban areas. Although these services are vital, they are frequently difficult to measure and incorporate into conventional zoning practices within urban planning. This research explores a framework designed to systematically embed CES indicators—such as access to recreational opportunities, scores for aesthetic value, and density of cultural heritage—into the urban zoning decision-making process. Through a case study method, we present a technique for mapping and assessing the supply and demand of important CES categories, converting this information into spatial constraints and opportunities relevant to zoning regulations. The findings reveal that the integration of CES indicators leads to more multifunctional and equitable spatial plans, particularly concerning the distribution of green infrastructure and protected cultural areas. This research provides practical guidance for urban planners to move beyond traditional land-use criteria and embrace a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to spatial zoning.