Emerging Trends in Fully 3D-Printed Functional Biomedical Systems-A review

Abstract Biomedical engineering is rapidly changing thanks to three-dimensional (3D) printing, which makes it possible for creating multifunctional, structurally complex, and patient-specific equipment. In recent years, three connected trends have emerged at the frontier of this field: fully biodegradable bioelectronics, in situ bioprinting, and evolving regulatory and translational frameworks. This review summarizes the recent progress in these areas, emphasizing how integrated material design, novel bioinks, and multi-material additive manufacturing are driving the development of advanced biomedical devices. These devices can sense, stimulate, or therapeutically interact with tissues and are designed to safely degrade after completing their functional purpose. Recent key advances include the development of printable/conductive/. This review also examines the regulatory landscape, including guidance from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration on additive-manufactured devices, point-of-care device production, sterility and material safety, and the hurdles for clinical translation. Finally, we identify technical and translational challenges-such as controlling degradation kinetics, ensuring long-term biocompatibility, manufacturing reproducibility, and bridging regulatory variability and propose directions for future work. Together, these trends suggest a near-future in which fully 3D-printed functional biomedical systems become safer, more sustainable, and more widely clinically applicable.