Neuroinflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke and phytotherapeutic interventions for enhanced recovery: A review

Stroke is a significant global health challenge, causing substantial mortality and disability worldwide, with its prevalence rising particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This review discusses the role of inflammatory cells in ischemic stroke (IS), the limitations of conventional drugs, and the emerging potential of plant-derived medications. Drawing from extensive research, it highlights recent findings on neuroinflammation and neuroprotective strategies using natural compounds. IS triggers a complex inflammatory response involving microglia, astrocytes, and leukocytes, which significantly contributes to secondary tissue damage; understanding this interplay is crucial for developing effective interventions. Conventional drugs, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and antiplatelet agents, face limitations including a narrow therapeutic window and the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, underscoring the need for alternative approaches. Plant-derived medications show considerable promise due to their neuroprotective effects and ability to modulate inflammatory pathways. Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols offer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may improve treatment outcomes. Recent research has unveiled their mechanisms of action, which include reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and promoting neurogenesis, suggesting a strong potential to mitigate neuronal damage and aid post-stroke recovery. Exploring plant-derived medications represents a paradigm shift toward utilizing natural compounds for stroke management. By tapping into the vast pharmacological potential of plants, researchers aim to develop safer and more effective therapies that overcome the limitations of conventional drugs. These advancements offer hope for improving IS management and reducing its global burden. Continued research is crucial to unlock these innovative therapeutic strategies and enhance patient outcomes worldwide.