Risk factors associated with dengue fever outbreak: A case–control study

Background: Dengue fever (DF) has emerged as a significant global health threat and has become a serious public health concern in Oman. This study aims to investigate the risk factors associated with the current dengue outbreak and to offer recommendations for its prevention and management. Methods: An unmatched case–control study involving 63 cases and 63 controls (1:1 ratio) was conducted on the outbreak that occurred between May and June 2024 in South Batinah, Oman. The cases were laboratory-confirmed dengue patients, while the controls were individuals from the same community who tested negative for dengue. Data were collected on demographic, environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between predictor variables and the probability of dengue infection. Results: A total of 126 cases and controls were included. Males accounted for 86% of cases and 59% of controls. Among the cases, 33% were aged ≥55 years, whereas 41% of controls were aged 25–39 years. Male gender was a significant predictor of dengue infection, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 6.59 (95% CI: 1.04–41.76; p = 0.046). Patients notified 3–6 days after symptom onset had an AOR of 8.64 compared to those reported within <3 days. Joint pain (AOR: 0.02; 95% CI: 0–0.27; p = 0.004) and leukopenia (AOR: 12.89; 95% CI: 2.54–65.5; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with dengue infection. Houses less than 10 years old were protective against dengue infection, with an AOR of 0.05 (95% CI: 0.01–0.63; p = 0.02) compared to houses over 30 years old. Conclusion: The study indicated that males, patients presenting 3–6 days after symptom onset, and those with leukopenia were at higher risk of dengue infection, while residing in newly built houses is associated with a lower risk. Mosquito control, particularly around older and poorly maintained homes, along with continuous vector surveillance, is essential.