Transforming treatment-resistant depression (TRD) care in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: a narrative review of emerging therapies, advancements, and implementation barriers

Novel therapies for TRD demonstrate clinical efficacy and feasibility in the GCC. Nevertheless, their wider adoption requires addressing accessibility challenges, reducing stigma, and expanding professional training. Strategic investments, policy reforms, and awareness initiatives will be critical to embedding these treatments into mental health systems and transforming TRD care in the region.