Spatial clustering of geosites and tourism objects in Kebumen UNESCO Global Geopark: A kernel density approach

Geotourism serves as a catalyst for sustainable development in geoparks by linking conservation, education, and community-based economic growth. The Kebumen UNESCO Global Geopark in Central Java, Indonesia, possesses exceptional geodiversity and landscape diversity but remains underdeveloped in terms of spatially grounded geotourism planning. This study applies Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to examine the spatial distribution and clustering of geosites and tourism objects, establishing a geospatial foundation for integrated geotourism development. Data were compiled from scientific publications and online platforms, and processed using GIS-based spatial analysis. The KDE results reveal four distinct spatial clusters, shaped by geological structure and tourism intensity. Among these, three form the core framework of Kebumen's geotourism identity: (1) the Northern Core Cluster, serving as the scientific and educational hub; (2) the Central Transitional Cluster, integrating cultural, artificial, and educational attractions; and (3) the Southern Coastal Cluster, representing the main nature-based and recreational tourism corridor. Supporting clusters in the peripheral plains indicates potential for community-driven and rural tourism initiatives. This spatial structure highlights the complementarity between geological and tourism assets, providing a basis for thematic differentiation, spatial integration, and balanced regional growth.