Why differences in national test results are critical beyond the grades: Historical knowledge as (un)equally distributed prerequisites for societal participation

Historical knowledge, along with knowledge acquired in other subjects, is crucial for individuals to make sense of and engage with the world around them. Evidence suggests that educational systems fail to adequately support disadvantaged groups in accessing the knowledge conveyed through education. This article presents a study comparing the historical knowledge of students attending lower-secondary schools in varying socio-economic environments. Using regression analysis and concept analysis, we examine responses (n=100) to both selected- and constructed-response items from the Swedish national test in history. The sampled items address factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge types, and the results indicate consistent differences between students from low SES and high SES schools across all types of knowledge. Findings also show that socio-economic status has a larger explanatory value than gender or mother tongue. The differences regarding historical knowledge are discussed in relation to Biesta’s three dimensions of education, providing a philosophical perspective on the broader implications of these disparities in educational success.