Machine Learning Approaches for Precision Risk Assessment of Transfusion Adverse Reactions: A Scikit-learn-Based Review

Transfusion adverse reactions (TARs) encompass undesirable effects occurring during or after blood transfusion, resulting from the administration of blood, blood products, or transfusion-associated materials. These reactions may cause mild to severe clinical manifestations, including allergic reactions, hemolysis, and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Current conventional approaches -- such as ABO/Rh blood group matching and massive transfusion protocols -- can improve patient outcomes but fail to address complex patient-specific factors. Consequently, developing a dedicated TAR risk model is essential. Machine learning (ML) algorithms can leverage large-scale clinical and laboratory datasets to construct diagnostic and prognostic models, advancing personalized and precision medicine. Notably, the scikit-learn (SK-learn) ML algorithmhas not yet been directly applied to TAR risk assessment; nevertheless, its efficacy in constructing similar medical risk prediction models has gained significant recognition. This review presents an ML-based framework for predicting and preventing TAR, with a specific emphasis on the role of SK-learn across diverse clinical contexts. Our analysis lays the groundwork for future precision diagnosis of TAR and the development of SK-learn algorithms. Crucially, our synthesis of the literature indicates that sklearn offers a versatile and powerful toolkit for this task; however, its successful translation into clinical practice is contingent upon overcoming key challenges, including multi-center data heterogeneity and the need for robust model interpretability.