Perceptions of mental toughness in elite swimmers: A Q methodology study

This study aimed to understand the perceptions of mental toughness among elite swimmers. A qualitative research method, the Q methodology, was employed to delve into the individual perspectives of participants. Data were analyzed using the PQ Method software to identify participants' perceptions of mental toughness. The study involved 23 elite swimmers (16 males and 7 females), all of whom had qualified for the Turkish National Swimming Championships. Participants represented a range of swimming disciplines, including freestyle, breaststroke, butterfly, and backstroke. The findings indicate that participants grouped their views on mental toughness into three main factors. The first factor reflected a determined attitude towards overcoming challenges and achieving goals. The second emphasized the importance of learning from mistakes and valuing feedback from coaches. The third revealed athletes' ability to stay calm under pressure, alongside their sensitivity to coaches' evaluations. These three distinct perspectives demonstrate that mental toughness is not a singular concept but rather a multidimensional construct influenced by personal resilience, interpersonal dynamics, and emotional regulation. Together, these viewpoints indicate that mental toughness is represented through multiple psychological and relational dimensions within this sample.