Properties of Loose-Fill Insulation Made of Leaves

Urban leaf litter represents an underutilized biomass resource with potential applications in sustainable building materials. This study investigates the suitability of dried, comminuted leaves collected from municipal green areas as a loose-fill thermal insulation material. The material was characterized in terms of thermal conductivity, settlement behavior, fire reaction, resistance to mold growth, water vapor diffusion, hygroscopic sorption, and short-term water absorption. Tests were conducted following relevant DIN and ISO standards, with both untreated and flame-retardant-treated samples examined. Results indicate that the thermal conductivity of leaf-based insulation (λ = 0.041-0.046 W/m·K) is comparable to other bio-based loose-fill materials such as cellulose and wood fiber. Optimal performance was achieved for particles sized 2-16 mm, showing settlement below 1%. All variants, including untreated material, fulfilled the fire resistance requirements of class E, while selected treatments further improved fire resistance. The material exhibited moderate vapor permeability (μ ≈ 4-5), low water absorption, and moisture buffering behavior similar to that of other bio-based insulation materials. Resistance to mold growth was satisfactory under standardized conditions. Overall, the results demonstrate that leaf litter can serve as an effective and environmentally favorable loose-fill insulation material, offering an innovative recycling pathway for urban green waste.