Psychological determinants of pro-environmental behavior among environmental volunteers in Taiwan: a TPB and VBN approach

These findings validate TPB and VBN mechanisms within community-based environmental education and highlight the critical role of procedural competence and perceived behavioral control in transforming intention into action. Practically, the results provide evidence-based direction for governmental agencies, NGOs, and community organizations to design training programs that integrate skill-building, strengthen volunteer self-efficacy, and enhance the effectiveness of environmental action in real-world sustainability initiatives.