Designing a broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine against influenza A and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: an immunoinformatics approach

The designed vaccine included 21 linear B-cell epitopes, 34 CTL epitopes and 19 HTL epitopes from influenza A virus and <i>M. pneumoniae</i>. The selection was based on antigenicity, immunogenicity, and alignment with previously validated epitopes. Structural and physicochemical assessments indicated that the vaccine had high stability, solubility, and minimal allergy risk. Molecular docking with TLR3 and TLR4 receptors revealed strong binding, suggesting robust immune activation. Population coverage analysis showed the vaccine could cover 97.07% of the global population, with high efficacy across key regions such as North America and East Asia. In this study, we provided an immunoinformatics approach for vaccine design.