Review on digital twin applications in medical particle accelerators

Medical particle accelerators are extensively utilized in radiotherapy, radioisotope production and other medical fields. Due to the complex structure of medical particle accelerators, their design and usage demand high precision from multidisciplinary domains including radiophysicists, radiation oncologists, accelerator physicists, electrical and control systems etc., which rely heavily on manual expertise, leading to inefficiencies and inconsistencies in quality. To address these challenges, this research reviews and synthesizes current developments in digital twin (DT) driven applications for the design and operation of medical particle accelerators. It outlines a conceptual framework that integrates existing digital-twin methodologies to support more systematic, data-driven accelerator design and operational processes.