Smartwatches as Assistive Technology: Evidence and Future Directions

Watches have evolved from simple timekeeping devices into powerful tools supporting daily living. With rapid technological advances, wearable devices increasingly promote independence and comfort. In the United States, adoption has grown substantially, with recent Health Information National Trends Survey data showing that about one in three adults (33%) uses a wearable device, including smartwatches and fitness trackers. This review examines how smartwatches enhance independent living and quality of life, particularly for individuals with functional impairments. Equipped with biosensors, wireless connectivity, and intelligent algorithms, smartwatches function as wearable assistive technologies. They enable real-time health monitoring, activity tracking, emergency alerts, cognitive reminders, medication adherence support, fall detection, and environmental awareness for individuals with sensory impairments. For children and older adults, GPS tracking and connectivity features help maintain caregiver communication. These combined capabilities improve safety, autonomy, and daily routine management. Despite challenges such as limited battery life, sensor accuracy concerns, and data security risks, smartwatches remain promising assistive tools. Future advancements in artificial intelligence, improved sensor integration, and stronger validation may enhance personalization and reliability. As technology evolves, smartwatches are positioned to become integral components of the assistive technology ecosystem, offering accessible and user-friendly solutions that support independence, safety, and effective health management.