Paeoniflorin attenuates sepsis-induced liver injury by reprogramming macrophage polarization via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway

Paeoniflorin confers protection against sepsis-induced liver injury by modulating macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings identify Paeoniflorin as a promising candidate for further development as an immunomodulatory therapy for SALI.